教宗访问联合国粮农组织：以爱和团结来应对战争和气候变化导致的移民
在访问联合国粮农组织讲话时，教宗方济各强调指出了粮食安全如何影响人们迁移的问题。为了遏制冲突，需要“善意和对话”以及裁军。“当今世界充斥着对大自然生态系统微妙平衡的漠视、自负地想要操纵和控制我们行星上的有限资源、对利润的无底限贪婪。”“‘我饥饿，我背井离乡、衣不蔽体、贫病交加，被关在难民营里’，这不是哀求，这是对正义的呼唤！”
罗马（亚洲新闻）— “在国际合作的话语体系中引入爱的类别，涵盖诸如志愿行为、平等对待、团结友爱、乐于捐献、兄弟情谊、慈悲怜悯”，以此来回应造成饥荒和由此而生的移民现象之两个最主要原因，即战争和气候变化。这是今天上午教宗访问联合国粮农组织（FAO）罗马总部时讲话所提出来的，反对在当今国际关系中屡屡出现的自私自利和剥削利用。教宗今日的访问是出席世界粮食日的开幕典礼，今年世界粮食日的主题为“改变移民未来：投资粮食安全，促进农村发展”（Change the future of migration. Invest in food security and rural development）。
粮农组织总干事若泽·格拉齐亚诺·达席尔瓦（José Graziano da Silva）迎接了教宗的来访。教宗向粮农组织赠送了一尊雕像（见题图照片），雕像的主题取材于2015年10月在土耳其博德鲁姆海滩不幸溺亡的叙利亚小难民阿兰（Aylan）。
在开幕典礼上，教宗的讲话特别集中在粮食安全如何影响人们迁移的问题。“如今的现实要求我们在各个层面承担起更大的责任，不仅要确保大地的必要产量或平均分配其出产——这本就应该是题中应有之义，而且更要维护每个人都能依其所需而果腹的权利，并且能够使每个人参与到有关自己的决定和实现自己的期望，不必被迫与家人分离。为了达成这样高度的目标，取决于整个国际社会体系的可信度。我们知道，国际合作越来越受制于单边义务，甚至于限制紧急情况下的援助。由于饥荒或者流离失所导致的死亡已经是司空见惯，有可能使人们开始觉得麻木不仁。因此，当务之急是找到一条新的道路，把我们现有的可能途径转化为保障，让每一个人都能怀着有牢固信心、而不只是一丝渴望，去展望将来。”
教宗指出，联合国和其他国际组织的研究表明，避免让缺乏基本生活资料的人们被迫迁徙的途径有两个重大障碍：即战争冲突和气候变化。
为了遏制冲突，需要“善意和对话”，并且“需要彻底致力于循序渐进和系统性的裁军行动，这也是联合国宪章所规定的。同时也要有效制止武器交易这一致命的行为。如果仅仅是控诉武装冲突造成了数百万人遭受饥荒和营养不良，却不为和平和裁军进行行之有效的努力，那控诉又有什么意义呢？”
Some are moving away from the Paris agreement
“As for climate change, we see the consequences every day. Thanks to scientific knowledge, we know how the problems are to be faced; and the international community has drawn up the necessary legal instruments, such as the Paris Agreement, from which however some are withdrawing. There is a re-emergence of the nonchalance towards the delicate balances of ecosystems, the presumption of being able to manipulate and control the planet’s limited resources, and greed for profit. It is therefore necessary to make an effort for a concrete and active consensus if we wish to avoid more tragic effects, which will continue to impact upon the poorest and most helpless. We are called to propose a change in lifestyles, in the use of resources, in production criteria, including consumption that, with regard to food, involves growing losses and waste. We cannot resign ourselves to saying ‘someone else will take care of it’.
“I think,” said the pope, “that these are the preconditions for any serious discussion of food security linked to the phenomenon of migration. Certainly, wars and climate change cause hunger, so let us therefore avoid presenting it as if it were an incurable disease. The recent estimates provided by your experts foresee an increase in global production of cereals to levels that enable greater consistency to be given to global reserves. This gives hope, and demonstrates that if we work paying attention to needs and countering speculation, results will not be lacking. Indeed, food resources are not infrequently left at the mercy of speculation, which measures them solely with regard to the economic prosperity of the big producers or in relation to the potential for consumption and not the real needs of the people. This leads to conflicts and waste, and increases the numbers of the poorest on earth who seek a future outside their countries of origin.
“In view of all this, we can and must change direction (cf. Encyclical Laudato si’, 53; 61; 163; 202). Faced with the increased demand for food it is indispensable that the fruits of the land be available to all. For some it would be enough to reduce the number of mouths to feed and in this way solve the problem; but it is a false solution if we think of the levels of food waste and models of consumption that squander many resources. Reducing is easy; sharing instead demands conversion, and this is imperative.
“Therefore, I pose – and I pose to you – this question: is it too much to think of introducing into the language of international cooperation the category of love, understood as gratuitousness, parity in negotiation, solidarity, the culture of giving, fraternity, mercy? In effect, these words express the practical content of the term “humanitarian”, widely used at international level. To love one’s brothers and to do so first, without waiting for it to be reciprocated; this is a Gospel principal that is found in many cultures and religions, and becomes the principle of humanity in the language of international relations. It is to be hoped that diplomacy and multilateral Institutions nurture and organise this capacity to love, so that it may become the primary way to guarantee not only food security, but human security in a global sense. We cannot work only if others do so, nor can we limit ourselves to having pity, because pity stops at emergency aid, whereas love inspires justice and is essential for realising a just social order among diverse realities that wish to run the risk of the mutual encounter.”
May walls not stop people ready to do anything because of hunger
“The efforts of diplomacy have shown us, also in recent events, that it is possible to stop the recourse to the use of weapons of mass destruction. We are all aware of the capacity of destruction of these instruments. But are we equally aware of the effects of poverty and exclusion? How can we stop people willing to risk everything, entire generations that may disappear because they lack their daily bread, or are victims of violence or climate changes? They head where they see a light or perceive the hope of life. They cannot be stopped by physical, economic, legislative or ideological barriers: only a consistent application of the principle of humanity can do so. On the other hand, we see that public development aid is reduced and the activity of the multilateral institutions is limited, while bilateral agreements are used which subordinate cooperation to the fulfilment of particular agendas and alliances or, simply, to a momentary tranquillity. On the contrary, the management of human mobility requires coordinated and systematic intergovernmental action in accordance with existing international norms, and permeated with love and intelligence. Its objective is a meeting of peoples that enriches all and generates union and dialogue, not exclusion or vulnerability.”
In this respect, Francis said he hoped that the Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration, currently before the United Nations, will take into account that “A vulnerable person is one who is in an inferior situation and cannot defend himself, who has no means, or rather, experiences exclusion. This is because he is compelled by violence, by natural situations or, even worse, by indifference, intolerance and even hatred.”
“Let us listen to the cry of so many of our marginalised and excluded brothers: “I am hungry, I am a stranger, I am naked, sick, confined in a refugee camp”. It is a request for justice, not a plea or an emergency call. There is a need for broad and sincere dialogue at all levels, so that the best solutions can be found and a new relationship be nurtured between the various actors on the international scene, characterised by mutual responsibility, solidarity and communion.
“The yoke of misery generated by the often tragic displacement of migrants can be eliminated through prevention in the form of development projects that create work and the capacity to respond to environmental crises. Prevention costs far less than the effects of land degradation or water pollution, scourges that plague the nerve centres of the planet, where poverty is the only law, diseases are on the increase and life expectancy is decreasing.
“The initiatives that are being implemented are many, and praiseworthy. However, they are not enough: it is urgent to continue to promote new efforts and to finance programs to combat hunger and structural poverty in a more effective and promising way. But while the aim is to promote a diversified and productive agriculture, taking into account the real demands of a country, it is not however lawful to remove arable land from the population, enabling land grabbing (acaparamiento de tierras) to continue to be profitable, sometimes with the complicity of those who should defend the interests of the people. The temptation to work to the advantage of small groups of the population, as well as to use external aid inappropriately, favouring corruption, or in an illegal way, must be removed.”
